Los limites del poder

detencion ledezma

Publicado en El Mundo el 2 de marzo de 2015.

En su obra La sociedad abierta y sus enemigos, Karl Popper nos lo dice con toda claridad: «La democracia consiste en poner bajo control al poder político». Es decir que la democracia es un procedimiento para que los ciudadanos de una nación libre elijan a sus gobernantes y, además, es también un sistema para limitar el poder del Estado sobre esos ciudadanos. El poder alcanzado democráticamente en unas elecciones libres confiere a los gobernantes legitimidad de origen. Pero no debe olvidarse que los gobernantes deben ganar su legitimidad en el ejercicio cotidiano del poder. Y la pierden si, en el ejercicio de sus funciones, toman decisiones o aprueban leyes que cercenan gravemente la libertad de los ciudadanos. Porque el gobierno, aunque se alcance por métodos inequívocamente democráticos, NO lo puede todo. Esta es la esencia de la democracia liberal, el sistema político que ha logrado que los países occidentales alcancen las mayores cotas de libertad y de prosperidad jamás conocidas.

Los ciudadanos, cuando no han sido capaces de comprender que el poder tiene que estar limitado, incluso en las democracias, han acabado cometiendo grandes errores, y en algunos casos han caído en las peores dictaduras de la Historia. Los partidos totalitarios a veces utilizan la democracia como un método de tomar el poder, para, una vez alcanzado, imponer su proyecto totalitario, que ya no es un proyecto de gobierno, sino un proyecto de cambio de régimen.

Hoy a nadie se le ocurre imaginar una toma violenta del poder, como la de Fidel Castro en La Habana de 1959 o la de Tejero en el Madrid de 1981. Pero todavía hay muchos que sueñan con alcanzarlo, tras unas elecciones, para imponer su proyecto, no de gobierno, sino de régimen. Y que piensan que, si ganan unas elecciones, tendrían la legitimidad para hacerlo. Y que lo harán, si lo consiguen. Seguro. Eliminando todos los mecanismos que las democracias se han dado para limitar el poder y evitar la tiranía: la independencia de la Justicia, la libertad de prensa, la libertad sindical, el pluralismo político…

Ya nos advirtió Hayek que «bajo el gobierno de una mayoría muy homogénea y doctrinaria, el sistema democrático puede ser tan opresivo como la peor dictadura». Cuando la democracia deja de ser una garantía de la libertad individual, puede muy bien persistir en alguna forma, bajo un régimen totalitario, ya que en estos casos quienes ostentan el poder se encargan de controlar todos los poderes para asegurarse de que el voto vaya en la dirección que desea el dictador o el partido hegemónico de ese régimen. Como pasa ahora en la Venezuela chavista o como pasaba en las democracias populares de los países europeos satélites de la Unión Soviética.

Que la democracia es una forma de controlar al poder hay que tenerlo siempre muy presente, sobre todo cuando Podemos reivindica la democracia, no como procedimiento para elegir a los gobernantes, sino como una forma de «asaltar» (Pablo Iglesias dixit) el poder para desde allí proceder a imponer su régimen. Ésta es la gran diferencia entre Podemos y la triunfante Syriza, que aspira sólo a gobernar, sin pretender cambiar el régimen.

Hay que repetir hasta la saciedad, frente a los demagogos que predican lo contrario, que en nuestra democracia, el gobierno no lo puede todo.

Por ejemplo, por mucha mayoría parlamentaria que un gobierno tenga, no podría promulgar leyes que condenaran a la cárcel a los miembros de la oposición, o que establecieran la censura de prensa, o la discriminación por raza, sexo o religión, o que acabaran con la división de poderes, o que permitieran a la policía disparar armas de fuego sobre manifestantes pacíficos, como acaba de aprobarse en Venezuela.

Habrá que repetirlo una y otra vez: la democracia no es un fin en sí misma, sino un medio pacífico para elegir gobiernos. En cambio, la libertad, sí que es un fin político en sí misma, es el fin político más alto.

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